Cornerstone reference
A free, single-page reference to the research peptides most commonly studied in the published peer-reviewed literature. Each entry summarises sequence, class, mechanism, half-life, stability and a primary citation, plus a link to the full reference page if we stock the compound. Last updated 29 April 2026 by Black & White Peptides Ltd.
Research use only. The compounds described on this page are supplied for in-vitro laboratory research. None of the content here is medical advice, dosing guidance or a recommendation for human use.
9 entries
5-Amino-1-methylquinolinium iodide
A small-molecule selective inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) characterised in metabolic and adipose-research literature. Not a peptide chemically (it is a methylquinolinium derivative) but commonly co-studied with peptide GLP-1 agonists in metabolic models.
ActRIIB-Fc; soluble activin receptor type IIB
A recombinant fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of ActRIIB linked to a human IgG Fc region. Studied in published literature as a myostatin / activin pathway antagonist with reported effects on skeletal muscle mass in preclinical models.
Adrenocorticotropic hormone; corticotropin
A 39-residue peptide hormone derived from the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor. The canonical reference standard for melanocortin receptor (MC2R) and HPA-axis research, well-characterised across decades of endocrinology literature.
Combination GHRH / GHS research blend
A research-use blend formulation that pairs a GHRH analogue with a ghrelin-mimetic GH secretagogue. Studied in the GH-axis literature for the synergy between the two pathways converging on pituitary somatotrophs.
FTPP; CKGGRAKDC-GG-D(KLAKLAK)2
A peptidomimetic chimera that targets prohibitin on the surface of white adipose vasculature, characterised in published preclinical literature for adipose-specific apoptotic research models. Distinctive for its tissue-targeting domain rather than a receptor-agonist mechanism.
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide; Acadesine
A nucleoside analogue and AMPK activator widely characterised in metabolic-research literature. Not a peptide chemically (it is an adenosine analogue) but commonly studied alongside peptide metabolic compounds because of its distinct AMPK-mediated mechanism.
Anti-obesity drug 9604; hGH 177-191 fragment analogue
A 16-amino-acid synthetic fragment analogue of the C-terminus of human growth hormone (residues 177-191), with a tyrosine added at the N-terminus. Studied in published metabolic literature for lipolytic activity decoupled from the somatogenic effects of full-length GH.
Cibinetide; ARA-290; Helix B Surface Peptide
An 11-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from the helix B surface of erythropoietin (EPO) and engineered to bind the heteromeric tissue-protective receptor (EPOR/CD131) without the haematopoietic activity of EPO itself. Characterised in inflammation and tissue-repair literature.
AT-II
An octapeptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), one of the most extensively cited reference peptides in cardiovascular and renal pharmacology. Listed here as a reference; stocked separately as a research-grade reference standard from specialist suppliers.
2 entries
Body Protection Compound-157; Pentadecapeptide BPC-157
A 15-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from a partial sequence of human gastric juice protein. One of the most widely cited regenerative-research peptides, characterised in extensive preclinical literature for tendon, gut-mucosal and connective-tissue repair models.
Vitamin B12; Mecobalamin
The methylated, biologically active form of vitamin B12 used as a research reference standard in metabolic, neurological and haematology pharmacology. Not a peptide chemically (it is a corrin-cobalt complex) but supplied as a research-grade reagent alongside the peptide catalogue.
3 entries
AM833
A long-acting amylin analogue characterised in published metabolic-research literature, frequently studied in combination with semaglutide as a dual-mechanism research compound. Acts at amylin and calcitonin receptor family targets.
Drug Affinity Complex GHRH analogue
A modified 30-amino-acid GHRH analogue carrying a maleimidopropionic acid (DAC) moiety that covalently binds serum albumin, dramatically extending the half-life relative to native GHRH or unmodified analogues. Widely cited in long-acting GH-axis research.
Modified GRF 1-29; ModGRF
The same modified GHRH backbone as CJC-1295 (DAC) but lacking the albumin-binding maleimide. Half-life is approximately 30 minutes, longer than native GHRH(1-29) but much shorter than the DAC-modified version. Widely cited in pulsatile GH-research.
2 entries
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide
A 9-amino-acid neuropeptide originally isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood and characterised in CNS / sleep-architecture research literature. The mechanism in published research is not fully resolved; multiple receptor-system interactions are reported.
LY2189265
A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist consisting of two GLP-1(7-37) analogue molecules covalently linked to a modified human IgG4 Fc fragment. Characterised across published incretin pharmacology literature.
2 entries
Epitalon; AEDG tetrapeptide
A short 4-amino-acid synthetic peptide originating from research at the St Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Characterised in published Russian literature for telomerase / pineal-gland research models.
Exendin-4
A 39-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from the salivary secretions of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) and acting as a GLP-1 receptor agonist with greater enzymatic stability than native GLP-1. One of the most extensively cited GLP-1 reference compounds in incretin literature.
2 entries
FOXO4 D-Retro-Inverso peptide
A D-amino-acid retro-inverso peptide engineered to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction, characterised in published senescence-research literature for selective senolytic activity in preclinical models.
FST-315; FST-344
An autocrine glycoprotein characterised in published myostatin / activin signalling literature as an antagonist of activin and myostatin via direct binding. Both 315-residue and 344-residue isoforms are studied.
5 entries
Copper Tripeptide-1; Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine:copper
A tripeptide-copper complex consisting of glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine bound to a Cu²⁺ ion. One of the most extensively cited regenerative-research peptides, with hundreds of publications spanning copper biochemistry, collagen synthesis, and dermal-research models.
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2; Pralmorelin
A 6-amino-acid synthetic ghrelin-mimetic GH secretagogue acting on the growth-hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). One of the canonical reference compounds in GHS-R research alongside GHRP-6 and Hexarelin.
Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6
A 6-amino-acid synthetic GH secretagogue and the original ghrelin-mimetic discovered before the endogenous ligand ghrelin was identified. Acts on GHS-R1a; characterised across decades of GH-axis literature.
GSH; reduced glutathione; gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly
A 3-amino-acid intracellular tripeptide (gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly) and the principal endogenous low-molecular-weight thiol antioxidant in mammalian cells. Widely used as a reference standard in redox-biology research.
GnRH; LHRH; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
A 10-amino-acid hypothalamic decapeptide and the natural ligand for the GnRH receptor on pituitary gonadotrophs. The canonical reference standard for HPG-axis pharmacology research.
3 entries
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
A heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone with an alpha subunit shared with LH/FSH/TSH and a beta subunit specific to HCG. The canonical reference standard for LH receptor pharmacology research.
Human Growth Hormone; Somatotropin; Recombinant hGH 1-191
A 191-amino-acid recombinant human growth hormone identical in sequence to the endogenous pituitary peptide. The canonical reference standard for GH receptor / JAK2-STAT5 signalling research.
Examorelin
A 6-amino-acid synthetic GH secretagogue closely related to GHRP-6, characterised in published GH-axis literature. Reported in research as having additional CD36-mediated cardiovascular activity beyond GHS-R1a binding.
2 entries
Long R3 IGF-1; Long Arg3 Insulin-like Growth Factor-1
A 83-amino-acid analogue of IGF-1 with an additional 13-residue N-terminal extension and an arginine substitution at position 3. Reduced binding to IGF binding proteins gives an extended half-life relative to native IGF-1.
NNC 26-0161
A 5-amino-acid selective ghrelin-mimetic GH secretagogue. Distinct from GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 in that the published profile reports minimal cortisol or prolactin release, making it the most selective GHS-R1a compound for research purposes.
No common entries
No widely-cited research peptides start with J. The closest reference standards are Jasplakinolide (an actin-stabilising marine cyclic peptide used in cell biology) and Jingzhaotoxin (a spider toxin used in ion-channel research) - neither is supplied as a research-peptide reference.
2 entries
Metastin 45-54; Kp-10
The C-terminal 10-amino-acid fragment of the 54-residue Kisspeptin-54 / Metastin precursor and a high-affinity ligand at the GPR54 (KISS1R) receptor. The canonical reference compound for hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis research.
Kisspeptin / Lipid / Oxytocin / WAT-targeting research blend
A research-use blend formulation studied for parallel multi-pathway research models. Composition is supplied with the order; refer to the product page for the precise blend ratio of the current batch.
2 entries
NN2211
A long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist consisting of a GLP-1(7-37) analogue with a fatty acid (palmitic acid) attached via a glutamic acid spacer at Lys26. The fatty-acid acylation enables albumin binding and extends the half-life relative to native GLP-1.
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide; CAMP
A 37-amino-acid host-defence peptide processed from the human cathelicidin precursor hCAP-18. Characterised across innate-immunity literature for broad antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity.
6 entries
IBI362; LY3305677
A GLP-1 / glucagon dual receptor agonist characterised in published Phase 2 metabolic-research literature. Distinct from triple agonists (e.g., Retatrutide) by lacking GIP activity.
N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine
An endogenous indoleamine derived from serotonin via N-acetylation and O-methylation, secreted by the pineal gland. Not a peptide chemically but supplied as a research reference standard for circadian and antioxidant research alongside the peptide catalogue.
Mitochondrial-derived peptide
A 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA. Characterised in metabolic-research literature for AMPK-mediated effects in skeletal muscle and adipose models.
Melanotan-1; NDP-MSH; [Nle&sup4;, D-Phe⁷]-α-MSH
A 13-amino-acid synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone with a norleucine-4 and D-phenylalanine-7 substitution that increases potency and metabolic stability at melanocortin receptors.
Melanotan-II; Ac-Nle-cyclo[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH₂
A 7-amino-acid cyclic synthetic analogue of alpha-MSH with a lactam bridge between Asp² and Lys⁷. The cyclic structure provides metabolic stability and broad melanocortin receptor agonism.
Mechano Growth Factor; IGF-1Ec splice variant
A splice variant of the IGF-1 gene producing a 24-amino-acid C-terminal peptide called MGF, characterised in published muscle-research literature for its role in mechanical-load-induced satellite cell activation. PEG-MGF refers to the polyethylene-glycolated stabilised form.
1 entry
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
A pyridine dinucleotide cofactor essential to redox metabolism, energy production and sirtuin / PARP signalling. Not a peptide chemically (it is a dinucleotide) but supplied as a research-grade reference standard alongside the peptide catalogue. Widely cited in mitochondrial and ageing-research literature.
1 entry
OXT
A 9-amino-acid cyclic neuropeptide hormone with a disulfide bridge between Cys1 and Cys6. Synthesised in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary; the canonical reference peptide for social-bonding, reproductive and CNS research.
1 entry
Bremelanotide; PT141
A cyclic 7-amino-acid heptapeptide melanocortin agonist derived from MT-2 by replacing the C-terminal amide with a free carboxylic acid. Characterised in published literature for selectivity towards MC4R / MC3R relative to MC1R.
No common entries
No widely-cited research peptides start with Q.
1 entry
LY3437943
A 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide and triple agonist at the GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors. Characterised in published Phase 2 metabolic-research literature with the largest reported weight-related outcomes of any single-compound incretin programme to date.
4 entries
TP-7-tuftsin analogue
A 7-amino-acid synthetic peptide originating from research at the V.V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology. A heptapeptide analogue of the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin, characterised in published literature for anxiolytic and GABAergic research.
NN9535
A 31-amino-acid GLP-1 receptor agonist with two amino acid substitutions and a fatty-diacid acylation that enables strong albumin binding. The most extensively cited single-target GLP-1 agonist in current metabolic-research literature.
Met-Glu-His-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro; Russian nootropic peptide
A 7-amino-acid synthetic peptide derived from the ACTH(4-10) fragment with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide added for enzymatic stability. Characterised in published Russian neuroscience literature for BDNF / NGF modulation in CNS-research models.
GHRH(1-29); GRF(1-29)
A 29-amino-acid synthetic peptide corresponding to the first 29 residues of native human growth-hormone-releasing hormone. The canonical reference standard for GHRH receptor pharmacology research.
4 entries
Thymosin Beta-4 fragment; LKKTETQ-related
A synthetic fragment representing the active region of full-length Thymosin Beta-4 (the actin-binding 17-LKKTETQ-23 motif and surrounding residues). Characterised in published literature for actin sequestration and angiogenesis-related tissue-repair models.
TH9507; trans-3-hexenoyl-GHRH(1-44)NH₂
A 44-amino-acid GHRH analogue corresponding to native human GHRH(1-44) with a trans-3-hexenoyl moiety attached to the N-terminus to enhance enzymatic stability. Characterised in published literature for adipose-distribution research models.
Tα1; Thymalfasin
A 28-amino-acid acetylated peptide derived from the prothymosin alpha precursor, originally isolated from bovine thymic extracts. Widely cited in immunomodulatory research as a TLR-9 / TLR-2 modulator.
LY3298176
A 39-amino-acid synthetic peptide and dual agonist at the GIP and GLP-1 receptors with a C20 fatty-diacid moiety enabling albumin binding. The most cited dual incretin reference compound in current metabolic-research literature.
No common entries
No widely-cited research peptides start with U.
1 entry
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide
A 28-amino-acid peptide hormone of the secretin / glucagon superfamily, released from neurons throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. The reference standard for VPAC1 / VPAC2 receptor research.
No common entries
No widely-cited research peptides start with W.
No common entries
No widely-cited research peptides start with X.
No common entries
No widely-cited research peptides start with Y.
No common entries
No widely-cited research peptides start with Z.
This Bible is maintained by Black & White Peptides Ltd of Black & White Peptides Ltd. The data shown is drawn from the published peer-reviewed literature: PubMed primary research, ChemSpider / PubChem chemistry data, and where applicable the published patent record. Half-lives and molecular weights are rounded to literature precision and should be confirmed against your own laboratory characterisation before use.
If you spot an error or want a compound added to the next update, message us on WhatsApp +44 7886 853464 or email info@blackandwhitepeptides.co.uk. Real human reply, usually within working hours the same day.
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